Competitive exclusion

The mechanism of weakening competitive exclusion

1. No evolution

a. Within competitors

• Spatial heterogeneity

• Environmental fluctuation

• Storage effect

a. Beyond competitors

• Top-down effects of predators (i.e., Keystone species)

• Mutualism & facilitation

2. 進化あり

a. Within competitors

• Character displacement

• Rapid divergence of sexual traits related to reproductive interference

b. With resource dynamics

• Character convergence

Reference

1. No evolution

a. Within competitors

• Spatial heterogeneity

  • Holt, R. D. (1984). Spatial heterogeneity, indirect interactions, and the coexistence of prey species. The American Naturalist, 124(3), 377-406.

  • Amarasekare, P. (2003). Competitive coexistence in spatially structured environments: a synthesis. Ecology letters, 6(12), 1109-1122.

  • Schreiber, S. J., & Killingback, T. P. (2013). Spatial heterogeneity promotes coexistence of rock–paper–scissors metacommunities. Theoretical population biology, 86, 1-11.

• Environmental fluctuation

  • Schreiber, S. J. (2021). Positively and negatively autocorrelated environmental fluctuations have opposing effects on species coexistence. The American Naturalist, 197(4), 405-414.

• Storage effect

  • Adler, P.B., HilleRisLambers, J., Kyriakidis, P.C., Guan, Q. & Levine, J.M. (2006). Climate variability has a stabilizing effect on the coexistence of prairie grasses. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 12793–12798.

  • Angert, A.L., Huxman, T.E., Chesson, P. & Venable, D.L. (2009). Functional tradeoffs determine species coexistence via the storage effect. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 11641–11645.

  • Letten, A.D., Dhami, M.K., Ke, P.-J. & Fukami, T. (2018). Species coexistence through simultaneous fluctuation-dependent mechanisms. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 6745–6750.

• Relative nonleniearity

  • Letten, A.D., Dhami, M.K., Ke, P.-J. & Fukami, T. (2018). Species coexistence through simultaneous fluctuation-dependent mechanisms. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 6745–6750.

  • Hallett, L.M., Shoemaker, L.G., White, C.T. & Suding, K.N. (2019). Rainfall variability maintains grass-forb species coexistence. Ecol. Lett., 22, 1658–1667.

  • Zepeda, V. & Martorell, C. (2019). Fluctuation-independent niche differentiation and relative non-linearity drive coexistence in a species- rich grassland. Ecology, 100, e02726.

  • Yamamichi, M., & Letten, A. D. (2021). Rapid evolution promotes fluctuation‐dependent species coexistence. Ecology Letters, 24(4), 812-818.

• Chesson's coexistence theory

  • Chesson, P. (2000). Mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity. Annual review of Ecology and Systematics, 343-366.

  • Barabás, G., D'Andrea, R., & Stump, S. M. (2018). Chesson's coexistence theory. Ecological monographs, 88(3), 277-303.

a. Beyond competitors

• Top-down effects of predators (i.e., Keystone species)

  • Brown, J. H. 1998. The granivory experiments at Portal. Pages 71–95 in W. J. Resetarits and J. Bernardo, eds. Exper- imental ecology: issues and perspectives. Oxford Uni- versity Press, Oxford.

  • Abrams, P. A., & Chen, X. (2002). The evolution of traits affecting resource acquisition and predator vulnerability: character displacement under real and apparent competition. The American Naturalist, 160(5), 692-704.

  • Ehrlich, E., Becks, L., & Gaedke, U. (2017). Trait–fitness relationships determine how trade‐off shapes affect species coexistence. Ecology, 98(12), 3188-3198.

• Mutualism & facilitation

  • Mougi, A., & Kondoh, M. (2014). Instability of a hybrid module of antagonistic and mutualistic interactions. Population ecology, 56(2), 257-263.

  • Bronstein, J. L. (Ed.). (2015). Mutualism. Oxford University Press, USA.

2. 進化あり

a. Within competitors

• Character displacement

  • Brown, W. L., & Wilson, E. O. (1956). Character displacement. Systematic zoology, 5(2), 49-64.

  • Slatkin, M. (1980). Ecological character displacement. Ecology, 61(1), 163-177.

  • Dayan, T., & Simberloff, D. (2005). Ecological and community‐wide character displacement: the next generation. Ecology letters, 8(8), 875-894.

  • Pfennig, KarinS, and DavidW Pfennig. "Character displacement: ecological and reproductive responses to a common evolutionary problem." The Quarterly Review of Biology 84.3 (2009): 253-276.

  • Pfennig, D. W., & Pfennig, K. S. (2020). Character displacement. Current Biology, 30(18), R1023-R1024.

• Rapid divergence of sexual traits related to reproductive interference

  • Morita, K., & Yamamichi, M. (2021). How does the magnitude of genetic variation affect ecological and reproductive character displacement?. Population Ecology.

b. With resource dynamics

• Character convergence

  • Cody, M. L. (1973). Character convergence. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 189-211.

  • Fox, J. W., & Vasseur, D. A. (2008). Character convergence under competition for nutritionally essential resources. The American Naturalist, 172(5), 667-680.

  • Vasseur, D. A., & Fox, J. W. (2011). Adaptive dynamics of competition for nutritionally complementary resources: character convergence, displacement, and parallelism. The American Naturalist, 178(4), 501-514.